Theories of Attachments

Theories of attachment 1) â€Å"cupboard love† theories – psychodynamic/behaviourists 2) The ethological approach 3) Bowlbys evolutionary theory 4) Social learning theory Studying attachments and their loss can help us understand how early relationship experiences can affect later development What is attachment? An intense emotional relationship that is specific to two people that endure over time.Prolonged separation brings stress and sorrow 1, â€Å"cupboard love† theory – psychodynamic theory Sigmund Freud developed a theory of personality, to explain how each person’s personality develops he proposed that attachment grew out of the feeding relationship Key The psychodynamic approach analyses the psyche (your mind) i. e. it breaks down into constituent parts such as the id/ego/superego Psychoanalysts (like Freud) believe that:All babies are born with an innate drive to seek pleasure; Freud called this the pleasure principle Freud said there is a particular structure of the personality that is motivated by this principle: the id The id is the primitive part of our personality, which demands immediate satisfaction; all people pass through psychosexual stages. First stage of psychosexual development is oral, thus babies demand oral satisfaction The mother is the first love object because she feeds the child and so an attachment is formed. Freud saw this the first relationship as the foundation the foundation of all others.Infants attach to their caregivers (usually the mother) because of the caregivers ability to satisfy its instinctual needs. Quality of attachment and future relationships Healthy attachments are formed when the feeder practices to satisfy the infants needs, unhealthy attachments are formed when infants are deprived or over indulged. If the child’s first relationship is loving, the child develops the ability to love, if not, adult relationships will be unsatisfactory Consequences If an infant is deprive d at an oral stage, she/he will become fixated at this stage.Consequently, psychoanalysts stress the value of feeding, especially breast feeding. *research evidence does not supports this theory because the person who provides food does not always become the primary attachment object, evidence against this theory is the same for the learning theory. Learning theory Behaviourists believe that : Infants attach to those who satisfy their psychological/physical needs Learning theorists/behaviourists believe all behaviour is acquired through conditioning: 1)classical conditioning 2)operant conditioning Or through imitation 3)social learning theoryBehaviourism Classical operant 1) Classical conditioning Food (unconditioned stimulus) produces pleasure (unconditioned response) So becomes associated with the person doing the feeding, who then becomes (conditioned stimulus) who now also produces pleasure even when no food. Babies associate caregivers with gratification, and learn to approach caregivers to have their needs met, they feel secure whenever caregiver is present Attachment works both ways Mothers get: Positively reinforced -by the baby smiling and developingNegatively reinforced -by the cessation of crying 2) Operant conditioning Dollard and miller (1950) adopted this principle To incorporate the concept of the mental states, a hungry baby feels uncomfortable creating a drive to reduce to comfort, when a baby is fed the drive is reduced, providing a sense of pleasure ( a reward) Food becomes the primary reinforce because it reinforces behaviour to avoid discomfort so becomes the secondary reinforce (conditioned) Social learning theory Babies learn by imitation, modelling a direct reinforcement.Hay and vespo believe parents deliberately teach their children to love them, by modelling affection parents also teach children in an explicity way to show affection * We learn through association and reinforcement but food may not be the main reinforce Harry Harlow ch allenges behaviourists and psychoanalytic â€Å"cupboard love† theory -study of the rhesus monkey -study of Scottish infants The ethological approach -ethology is the study of animal behaviour, in its natural environment Ethos=habit, manner Ethnologists introduced the concept of â€Å"attachment† ImprintingSome animals such as : sheep, geese for rapid attachments very soon after birth they attach to any moving individual present and follow them ,as if they were their mother. Lorenz (1935) called this imprinting *made geese follow him* Imprinting has: -short term consequences safety -long term consequences reproduction Definition of imprinting The tendency of non-humans to form a strong bond with the first moving object they see typical in precocial (new-born can move around) species like lambs, foals Imprinting doesn’t occur because the caregiver feeds the new-born, e. . goslings which contradicts the â€Å"cupboard love† theory Imprinting is a fixed acti on pattern (fad) i. e. a behaviour that occurs in response to a species – specific stimulus, once imprinting has occurred, it is irreversible Critical period Imprinting must occur within a critical period, if biological characteristics don’t develop at a specific time, then they never will research shows that the critical period can be extended by changing environment Sensitive period Some ethnologists say† instead of a critical period, there is a sensitive period: i. . a time when learning is most likely to happen, will occur most easily but learning can still occur at other times *imprinting in humans* Imprinting research mostly with animals Humans :Klaus and kennels skin to skin hypothesis (1976) There is a sensitive period immediately after birth when bonding can occur through skin-to –skin contact, a year later these mothers and babies had stronger attachments But Goldberg (1983) found that the effects of early contact are small and short-lived

Statement of Purpose for the Masters Degree

Statement of purpose for the Masters Degree The information included herewith in my writing would elaborate on the reasons that motivate me to study at the University of Reading, prestigious Henley business school, and will further elaborate the causes for the selection of the specific path of study. Further in the latter part of my discussion I would like to explain the reasons for me to apply for a scholarship at the benevolence of a sponsor.Having earned a BSc (Accounting) Special (Hons) degree with a first class standing from University of Sri Jayewardenepura which is reputed as the faculty with the highest demand for management study in Sri Lanka and earning continuous professional development in PricewaterhouseCoopers for over three years, initially at a trainee level and then as a Senior Associate, I have shown an overwhelming interest on the field of financial reporting.The performance grades earned by me in PwC is fascinating since I was rated as â€Å"1† once and â⠂¬Å"2† twice, which denotes â€Å"Outstanding† and â€Å"Exceeding expectations† respectively, being the only one in the peer group to make such an achievement and these ratings consolidated my position further as a resource person in PwC on financial reporting and assurance services. I believe both the professional experience excellence and the academic excellence on the field of accounting and financial reporting have raised a knowledge hungry, enthusiastic to learn individual.Along with the real accounting problems faced by companies, learning advanced Accounting theory from reputed professors in Sri Lanka, enhanced my skills on the practice and sharpened me with my ability to think accounting problems in the practical context. Further to that, presentation skill was enhanced during the course of study and training and during the learning and development sessions held by PwC. Further to the above I pursued Chartered Accountancy professional course conducted by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Sri Lanka and in pursue I won four prizes in all first three levels.This made me to be ranked among one of the very few achievers in Sri Lankan history on both the professional and academic qualifications. Currently I am pursuing the final level of the said course. The prizes (Highest Marks in the country for the exam) I won include Foundation level quantitative methods for decision making and second in Order of Merit for overall performance. In the intermediate level I won the prize of Second in Order of Merit for overall performance in that exam. Then I won the prize for excellence in business systems in the Final-1 level exam.These achievements coupled with the very special achievement that I was 8th in the island (Sri Lanka) in Advanced Level examination held in 2006 made me a prospective resource person in Sri Lanka in the field of financial reporting, and depicted the special interest shown by me on the specific sphere from the childh ood. Having seen the caliber of certain academics and professionals in the field of accounting and financial reporting I believe I have to further learn sophisticated areas on these subjects.One of the reasons I want to study further is to reach at least the same level of intuitiveness and panoramic view of the subject as my teachers and the professionals I have met have developed. However all these achievements were made by me in spite of very many economic difficulties since my family’s bread earner is only my father who is a retired lowest level government servant (His designation was Village Officer).I have a brother who still studies in the school for his A/L s and I worked in part time jobs during my all the time said achievements were made by me. I am a hard-working and determined person, and I am ready for a new leap in my business career. I am solely in a quest towards more knowledge and excellent competitive learning environment, with state of the art facilities. Th e only reasonable decision for me was to aim for such a place. All this gives me the motivation to apply to University of Reading, Henley Business School.

Introduce wordMicrobreweries from Pacific Northwest and Alaska Essay

Introduce wordMicrobreweries from Pacific Northwest and Alaska - Essay Example After this deregulation, the area witnessed a sudden rise in the number of microbreweries largely due to the related profitability and comparatively lower investment to start the business. In the U.S, the term microbrewery is used to refer to a beer production unit that produces < 15000 barrels/annum (Bamforth n.p.). A rapid growth in the establishment of new microbreweries is evident in Alaska and places to drink by the name of brewpubs are rapidly emerging which can provide up to 36oz/day to an average customer. During recent times, microbrewers have teamed up to form guilds that work collectively for the betterment of the microbrewers as a whole. The â€Å"Brewers guild of Alaska† is one such body which aims to strengthen networking base for brewers and suppliers, retailers and various others. The purpose of such bodies is to safeguard the interests of microbrewers who in majority of cases work independently of one

ERG international,inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ERG international,inc - Essay Example The case study of Environmental Research Groups International, Inc. (ERG) proffered issues pertinent to evaluating the overall business plan and future prospects of the organization given previous experiences. ERG is currently owned by spouses Claude and Sherrie Robbins, who both have been instrumental in steering the company from its meager beginnings as a two-person operating entity, to an organization spanning the areas of energy, natural resources, and the environment. With a just recently lost bid for a 5-year, $12 million contract for the Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL) technical services hotline, Claude Robbins remains optimistic of the future thrusts and prospects for the organization. 2. Executive Summary The study aims to present an understanding of facts and situations that need to be addressed given diverse areas that impact ERG’s operations. The paper would be outlined by initially presenting a summary of the business plan of ERG with i dentified objectives. Likewise, the discourse would delve into relevant details of the business including a brief historical background of the company, its products and its development and growth process. The company’s strengths and weaknesses would likewise be identified; including the main issues that currently face the organization. Finally, the factors that contributed to ERG’s success and the key factors affecting the industry, in general, would be determined, prior to discussing the proposed strategies that would be recommended to achieve identified goals. A. Brief Summary of Plan To achieve growth goals of increasing revenue and size, ERG plans to focus on using government and utilities as their target markets with large and mid-size contracts. The organization likewise plans to target the private sector through focusing on the top 1000 Fortune companies. ERG would offer services ranging from developing, managing, and evaluating demand-side management (DSM) prog rams, conservation programs, and alternative supply side options; as well as the development of innovative options for fuel consumption and improved technological efficiencies. The strategies that are planned to be used, as envisioned by ERG’s personnel are: â€Å"(1) creating a board of directors, composed partly of influential industry insiders who were likely to be aware of requests for proposals, (2) spreading out the marketing function by providing incentives to existing staff for obtaining future contracts, and (3) hiring a person whose sole task would be to solicit projects, with compensation tied to acceptance rate or profitability† (Winn 12). B. Major Objectives According to Claude L. Robbins, President of ERG, there are growth plans for the organization, to wit: â€Å"using government and utilities as a base, ERG would like to (a) expand our federal government contracts, particularly multi-year small business (and Woman-Owned Business) set-asides (which we h ave not actively pursued in the past), (b) develop long term consulting relationships with public and private utilities that are developing, managing, and evaluating demand-side management programs, conservation programs, and alternative supply side options (including cogeneration, and alternative fuels), (c) increase current work level for present client base. In the private sector ERG would like to focus on: (a) working with Fortune 1000 companies to develop energy efficiency and conservation policy as well as developing energy efficient buildings, (b) developing private sector industrial DSM and conservation programs, and (c) work with companies to develop/test new energy efficient technology† (Winn 11). As clearly indicated, the goal for the company is â€Å"to increase ERG's revenues and its size substantially over the next five years† (Winn 11). 3. History of the Business A. Background of the Company The company was originally formed by spouses Claude and Sherrie Robbins on Valentine’

Analytical reflection on three actual events Essay

Analytical reflection on three actual events - Essay Example However, RO was no less fun. In-game towns and cities were jam-packed with players at any given time. In fact, the Chaos server in particular often had literally over 9,000 people from all walks of life and of all ages playing at a given moment. The diversity of the community, as can still be seen on the Ragnaboards, coupled with a simple yet addictive gameplay interface, was what hooked me – the first two months of my stay were spent leveling up my character. Alas, it was not meant to be; I ended up quitting after getting a first-hand experience of Level Up’s lack of customer care. I logged in one day to find my character stripped bare – all the gear and the loot I had hunted for disappeared. When I filed a complaint to their Customer Service, they refused to compensate my loss – this angered me to the point of quitting. Sadly, Level Up seemed to have deteriorated even further from there. Over time, hacking and scamming alike increasingly fell on deaf ears. Bots – 3rd party programs used by players to gain an unfair advantage – while ostensibly illegal, were no longer being addressed. Next thing I knew, Level Up legalised botting (MPC Forums, 2005). The overwhelming number of other reports such as item duplication made it worse. It still makes me sad sometimes. I loved the game, but the company’s utter disregard for its customers in the name of money turned me off – the legalisation of botting in order to maximise their income by way of prepaid cards attests to this. Considering how much prosperity RO and its players brought to Level Up, one would think these customers deserved better treatment. Feminism, as the word implies, entails the defense of women’s rights. As further explained by the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (first published 2003), some writers use the word in reference to specific American and European movements whereas others equate it with the belief that

Personal Ethics Statement Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal Ethics Statement - Assignment Example The paper "Personal Ethics Statement" examines Personal Ethics Statement. I believe that all patients must be treated with the highest standards of health care, and that they are entitled to the highest quality of medical services. I believe that all health care professionals must not, in any case, do harm to a patient, or do things that may be against their best interest. I believe that all health care professionals must respect the privacy of their patients, and that they must always be able to maintain confidentiality on all information regarding their patients. I believe that prevention is better than cure, and that all medical professionals must be able to focus on preventive medicine. I believe that all health care professionals must be able to contribute to the development of knowledge regarding their profession, and use it for the overall development of medicine and the provision of health care. One of the main references that I used in my personal ethics statement is The Mod ern Version of the Hippocratic Oath, as written by Louis Lasagna. As known by any health professionals, the Hippocratic Oath is one of the oldest medical documents in history, and is also one of the major ethical guides that are used by medical professionals (especially physicians) up to the present Personally, I still view the Hippocratic Oath as an important ethical guide for all medical professionals because it outlines one of the main purposes of medicine: to treat patients according to their best interests.

Role of the a3b4 nicotinic receptor in drug addiction and in the Essay

Role of the a3b4 nicotinic receptor in drug addiction and in the antiaddictive action of novel ibogaine analogs - Essay Example The abnormalities that produce addiction, however, are wide-ranging, complex, and long-lasting. They may involve an interaction of environmental effects, for example, stress, the social context of initial substance use, and psychological conditioning. Many factors, both individual and environmental, influence whether a particular person who experiments with drugs will continue taking them long enough to become dependent or addicted. For individuals who do continue, the drug's ability to provide intense feelings of pleasure is a critical reason (Kalivas and Volkow, 2007). Historical and social factors are keys to the understanding of addictive disorders. These factors affect the rates of addictive disorders in the community, the types of substances abused, the characteristics of abusive users, the course of these disorders, and the efficacy of treatment. Addictive substances aid expression of several human functions that can enhance both individual and social existence. On the individual level, desirable ends include the following: relief of adverse mental and emotional states, relief of physical symptoms, stimulation to function despite fatigue or boredom, and â€Å"time-out† from day-to-day existence through altered states of consciousness. Substance use and dependence cause a significant burden to individuals and societies throughout the world. The World Health Report 2002 indicated that 8.9% of the total burden of disease comes from the use of psychoactive substances (World Health Organization, 2004). The report showed that tobacco accounte d for 4.1%, alcohol 4%, and illicit drugs 0.8% of the burden of disease in 2000. Much of the burden attributable to substance use and dependence is the result of a wide variety of health and social problems, including HIV/AIDS, which is driven in many countries by injecting drug use. Over the past decade, use of addictive substances has infiltrated its way into the mainstream culture in certain countries. Younger people in particular seem to possess a skewed sense of safety about these substances, believing rather erroneously that they are safe and benign. Meanwhile, addictive substances are posing a serious threat to the health, social and economic fabric of families, communities, and countries. For many countries, the economic burden is relatively new, but

Marketing Advertising IMC Plan (Glaceau co.) Research Paper

Marketing Advertising IMC Plan (Glaceau co.) - Research Paper Example Customers are not segregated on the basis of age, sex, color or race. 2) Differentiated Marketing In this sort of marketing strategy the firm tries to target different segments of the market and a different marketing strategy is adopted for each segment of the market. 3) Concentrated Marketing In this strategy the firm chooses one segment of the market and focuses exclusively on that particular segment for its products. The product fulfils the needs of that particular group of customers only. For our product –Glaceau Smart and Vitamin Water; we have decided to apply the concentrated marketing strategy. We are going to target only one section of the customers for our products. The target market which has been selected for our product has the following features – Smart Water Men above 35 years of age Economically successful – main target is upper middle class male; more than $ 60,000 income. Marital status : Married Focused on staying young and healthy – vis its the gym regularly or exercises ,buys health drinks Occupied in sedentary jobs like management, software professionals etc. Vitamin Water Women above 35 years of age Economically successful-main target is the upper middle class Focused on health and staying young-visits the gym regularly or exercises or diets. Occupied in sedentary jobs Smart Water and Vitamin Water can be put under the functional foods category. Functional food may be defined as any type of food product where a new ingredient has-been added in order to make the product healthier. (Glenn R. Gibson)Thus Vitamin Water and Smart Water can easily be defined as functional foods as they add nutrients to water and make it healthier for the body. Functional food industry has been witnessing increased growth in USA these days. According to a survey conducted by Nutrition Business Journal a US citizen spends $50 per month in order to buy functional foods and this amount is increasing each day. It also says that only 8.7 % of the population has never purchased a functional food product – rest 91.3% has at one time or the other bought some or other category of functional foods. (Nutrition Business Journal).This report shows the vast potential for functional food products. So our decision to market Vitamin Water is both timely and fulfils a major consumer demand. However the question still remains as to why have we decided to target people above 35 years of age and why only those who are economically successful. A research by Mintel states that people prefer functional foods due to the following reasons- Reasons for functional food purchase % Make up for unhealthy eating 48 Weight loss 44 Supplement my diet 35 Address health issues 30 Avoid eating empty calories 26 In place of a meal 16 Others 7 Source: (Mintel International Group Ltd.) Vitamin Water and Smart Water can be targeted to all the people who are mentioned above except probably those who eat functional food in place of a meal or for ot her reasons. Vitamin Water and Smart water contains additional supplements which can provide supplement diet , addresses health issues due to lack of vitamins , helps you avoid calories and still intake vitamins and can also assist you in weight loss as you can replace water for your nutrient intake instead of food. Thus our products can be sold better to those who are concerned

Ethics Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethics Case - Essay Example Since I discovered his cover-up three years down the line after the original STS occurred, the only solution would be to request for review of all the six OSHA recordable events to authenticate whether they were real tests. This could be achieved by following up the issue by inquiring from the doctor who carried out the audiometric tests.After confirming that they were real results that Frank received from the hearing van’s audiometric clinical examinations, I would record all the six losses as OSHA recordable hearing cases. The next thing would be to report the issue to the top-management with recommendations as well as possible solutions. Among the recommendations would be requesting the company to summon the six individuals by asking them participate in fresh hearing tests. Private or company doctors could perform an unbiased test to determine work-relatedness of their hearing losses.Performing these tests would show that Frank’s actions were inappropriate, unethical and inconsistent with the company’s regulations regarding hearing threshold shifts. Even though Frank was certain that the hearing losses of his friends were not work related, they were never tested by audiologists to clear the doubt. Whichever the case, it was necessary that Frank records the hearing loss cases because they met OSHA recordable threshold shifts. The company would not have achieved its injury target if the tests would be confirmed to be work related. Frank would be punished for failing to record the results.

Cause and Effect of violence in schools Term Paper

Cause and Effect of violence in schools - Term Paper Example In olden days, schools were considered as a sacred place where the teachers the priests and the students were the believers. However, schools become hells at present because of the unhealthy activities going on inside the campus and the strained relationships between the teachers and the students. The over influence of media like television and internet, improper care received from parents, child abusing, etc are cited as the major reasons behind increasing violent incidents in schools. This paper analyses the causes and effects of school violence. The major reason for the increasing violent tendency among school, children is the lack of care they receive from their parents during their infancy and childhood period. Most of the parents are professionals and they do not have enough time to look after the child matters or giving enough love and care to their children. Children forced to take shelter in day care centers where nannies take the role of mother. No nanny can give the same love and care given by the mother. Modern parents are comparatively more focused on their careers or profession rather than looking after the needs of their children. Many of them try to spend one or two hours with their children and at that time they try to behave like a friend rather than a parent. They are forgetting the fact that children need the love and care of a parent rather than a friend from their parents. The effect of above behavior is that children will never get the much needed care of their parents whereas they get friendship more th an what is required. Children who have been severely and repeatedly abused often become extremely aggressive. Theyre frustrated, angry, in some pain, not getting everything they want. They feel like victims. They have no concern about others -- they dont think about others. Its all about who they are and what they want (When Kids Kill) Some parents often punish their children

Dubliners Themes and Motifs Essay Example for Free

Dubliners Themes and Motifs Essay In what concerns Joyce’s style of writing we can observe that he balances the objectivity – the attitude of â€Å"scrupulous meanness â€Å" and sympathetic understanding of characters with the help of the stream of consciousness and epiphanies Scrupulous meanness ‘Scrupulousness’ is a crucial element both in Joyce’s use of language, and in the structure and form of the stories. ‘Scrupulous meanness’ refers to a most complex and heavily allusive style that determines the reading of Dubliners. From the minimum of words Joyce succeeds to extract the maximum effect. Joyce puts this style forward as a means to express his moral intent The Sisters * â€Å"sensation of freedom as if [he] had been freed from something by the priest’s death â€Å" * â€Å"desired to confess something. I felt my soul receding into something pleasant and vicious region [†¦] I too was smiling feebly as if to absolve the simoniac of his sins† * â€Å"†¦I wouldn’t say he was exactly†¦but there was something uncanny about him. I’ll tell you my opinion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (incomplete sentences of aunt) * â€Å"one of those †¦peculiar cases† * â€Å"scrupulosity in the Catholic Church is a very real, potentially paralyzing, mental disease†(Bremen) Stream of consciousness Depicts the multitudinous thoughts and feelings which pass through the mind. Eveline * â€Å"She had consented to go away, to leave her home. Was that wise? She tried to weigh each side of the question. In her home anyway she had shelter and food; she had those whom she had known all her life about her. Of course she had to work hard, both in the house and at business. What would they say of her in the Stores when they found out that she had run away with a fellow? Say she was a fool, perhaps; and her place would be filled up by advertisement. Miss Gavan would be glad. She had always had an edge on her,especially whenever there were people listening.† Araby * â€Å"What innumerable follies laid waste my waking and sleeping thoughts after that evening! I wished to annihilate the tedious intervening days. I chafed against the work of school. At night in my bedroom and by day in the classroom her image came between me and the page I strove to read. The syllables of the word Araby were called to me through the silence in which my soul luxuriated and cast an Eastern enchantment over me. I asked for leave to go to the bazaar on Saturday night. My aunt was surprised, and hoped it was not some Freemason affair. I answered few questions in class. I watched my masters face pass from amiability to sternness; he hoped I was not beginning to idle. I could not call my wandering thoughts together. I had hardly any patience with the serious work of life which, now that it stood between me and my desire, seemed to me childs play, ugly monotonous childs play.† Epiphany an experience of sudden and striking realization. Eveline * â€Å"Derevaun Seraun! Derevaun Seraun! â€Å"She stood up in a sudden impulse of terror. Escape! She must escape! Frank would save her. He would give her life, perhaps love, too. But she wanted to live. Why should she be unhappy? She had a right to happiness.Frank would take her in his arms, fold her in his arms. He would save her† A painful case * â€Å"As he sat there, living over his life with her and evoking alternately the two images in which he now conceived her, he realized that she was dead, that she had ceased to exist, that she had become a memory. He began to feel ill at ease. He asked himself what else could he have done. He could not have carried on a comedy of deception with her; he could not have lived with her openly. He had done what seemed to him best. How was he to blame? Now that she was gone he understood how lonely her life must have been, sitting night after night, alone in that room. His life would be lonely too until he, too, died, ceased to exist, became a memory − if anyone remembered him.† The dead * His soul swooned slowly as he heard the snow falling faintly through the universe and faintly falling, like the descent of their last end, upon all the living and the dead. Themes General/ Contextual themes themes surrounding the entire narrative discourse giving it homogeneity .They deal with Dublin biggest issues that have a great influence in every character behaviour.In relation with each individual story they can be central themes or hidden after a detail ,an action ,an answer or a thought. * Poverty * Paralysis * Irish politics and religion issues Central/Characteristic themes * Mortality * Escape * Isolation * Powerlessness * Alcoholism

The Prevention Of Electrical Injuries Construction Essay

The Prevention Of Electrical Injuries Construction Essay Electricity is the flow of electrons through a conductor. Electrons flow away from an object through a conductor creates an electric current which is measured in ampheres. The electrical force that pushes the electrical current is the voltage and it is measured in volts. The opposition to the flow of current through a conductor creates a resistance which is measured in Ohm unit. Flows of electricity Some substances such as metals usually have low resistance to the flow of electric current and they are called Conductors. Glasses, plastics, rubber, dry wood are insulators. They slow or stop flow of electricity. Normally air is an insulator but can become a conductor during an arc or lighting stroke. Pure water is a poor conductor but small amount of impurities in water like salts, acids, solvents or other materials present in water can turn it to a good conductor of electricity. Electrical safety is the recognition of hazards associated with use of electricity and taking necessary precautions so that the hazards do not cause injuries or death. No one could overstate the importance of Electrical Safety knowledge. It is essential to know how to stay and work safely with or within the vicinity of electricity because electrical current at home or at workplace have enough power that can be fatal if one is exposed to. An electrical injury will occur when a person comes into contact with the current produced by a source. The source can be touch of any bare wire or electrical appliances with bare hands at home as well as it can be a natural source such as lighting. Hazards of Electricity When electrical systems breakdown, people are exposed to the following hazards: Electrocution Electric shock Electrical burns Falls 1. ELECTROCUTION To electrocute is to be killed by electricity. Electrocution is death by means of an electric current passing through the body. The current usually have the capacity to stop the heart and cause death through heating and destruction of the tissue. Effects of Electric Currents. Current is the killing factor when in contact with electricity. The table below shows the value for Human Resistance Types of Resistance Resistance value (Ohm) Dry skin 100 000 to 600 000 Wet skin 1000 Hand to foot 400 to 600 Ear to ear 100 Source: www.lanl.gov/safety/electricalsafety /docs.pdf 2. ELECTRIC SHOCK Electricity travels in closed circuits through a conductor. When human body (conducts electricity very well) accidentally becomes part of the electric circuit, this results in electric shocks, that is the electric current flow through the skin, muscles and vital organs. The Severity of Shocks depends on: Amount of current that flows into the body Type of current that flows into the body (Direct or Indirect) The currents path through the body The current intensity Duration of the contact Current frequency Voltage The amount of current depends on the potential difference and the resistance. The table below shows the effects current on the human body range from a tingling sensation to death. Amount of current (miliAmphere, mA) Effect on the human body Less than 1 mA Usually not perceptible to human body. Between 1-5 mA It can be anything between tingling or mildly painful sensation 5-9 mA Painful sensation 9-25 mA Muscular contraction 25-60 mA Respiratory paralysis 60 mA or more Ventricular contraction (affects different chambers of the heart, contraction relaxation of ventricles becomes eratic. If last long, it can be fatal) Nerve damage 4A(Amphere) Or more Heart paralysis ( muscles stop contracting relaxing, most probably lead to death) 5A or more Tissue burning ( if tissues are those of vital organ, lead to death.) Source: lecturers class notes 3.Burns Burns are the most common shocks related injury. Direct Contact Burn When somebody direct touch the flow of electrical current, burns occurs. Currents enter the body and exit where the individual is grounded. It somebody suffers from a direct contact with electricity, two skin burns will be noticed: at the site of entry where the electricity leaves the body Also, internal burn may occur where the power traced through the body. Electrical Arc Electric arcing occurs when the potential difference is high enough for current to flow in air. Electrical arcs reach very high temperature causing the individual to receive deep thermal burn where the arc hits the body, consequently causing Flash Blast Arcing. Along with burns, arcing causes electrical shock, explosion if the volume of air is large. It is therefore advised not to approach high voltage line. One of the most common examples of arcing is lighting (electricity travelling onto air). A root is created for the electricity to go earth. Thus, a metal rod is placed as a safe path for the electricity to travel to earth near tall buildings.. The metal rod is a conductor of electricity, it attracts electricity. Several more precautions are to be taken during lighting such as stay indoors, do not venture to the sea, stay away from metal materials and so on. Flash Arcing is a short circuit through air that flashes over from one exposed live conductor to another conductor or to the ground. The high heat energy at a point of the arc is called the arc flash. Arc flash is caused by uncontrolled conditions of electrical current from phase to ground and phase to neutral accompanied by ionization of the surrounding air. Arc flash burns the skin by direct heat exposure and causes ignition of clothing. High intensity flash also causes damage to the eyesight. Flash burns are very uncomfortable, most of those caused by shorter flashes are not serious and usually heal in 12 to 24 hours. However with longer flash of a couple of seconds, a permanent damage may occur from ultra violet light. Arc Blast is the explosive effect caused by the expansion of air and other vaporized materials that are overheated by the sudden presence of an electric arc. Arc blast can result from unintentional contact with electrical system. 4.FALLS Slips, trips and falls are one of the most common accidents at workplace even at home. It cab be that the electric shock is not as fatal but one can fall down and injured if working, standing at height on ladder or cranes. It can also lead to death at times. Prevention of Electrical Injuries. Maintain all electrical installations in good working order with proper grounding. Have al installation, operation, maintenance and repair work done only by a qualified person * and make use of PPE during installation. Regular inspections of electrical systems and make use of a checklist. Properly install ground equipment with proper labeling and coding of wires. Read all instructions, labels and installation manual before operating or servicing electrical equipment. Turn off equipments when not in use. Disconnect the power to the equipment that is left unattended or out of service. High voltage equipment should be discharged to ground through discharge rods after their switching off. Provide enough sockets for equipment in use. Avoid overloading sockets and using adaptors may cause fires. Ensure that equipment is fitted with a correctly rated fuse. Replace damage sections of cable completely and never repair cuts with insulating tape. Use proper connection to join lengths of cable. Do not wrap cables carrying electric current around any part of the body. Do not touch live electrical parts. Make sure that all connections are tight, clean and dry. *a Qualified Person is one who has the skills and knowledge related to the construction and operation of the electrical equipment and installations and has received sufficient training to recognize and avoid the hazards involved. ELECTRICAL SAFETY AT HOME Electrical safety at home depends on 3 main factors: Safe Electrical Installation a correct earthing system to protect residents from an excess flow of electrical current. encourage residents to make use of the installation in a correct way. For example: if there is enough sockets in the house, individual will have no need to adapters. This eliminates the risk of fire. In short, installation should be designed in such a way that it is safe in itself regardless of how it is used. For instance: separate circuits should be included for higher power appliances. Safe design of electrical appliances devices The use of high quality sound electrical appliances together with electrical safety devices such as surge, residual current device and a proper grounding system eliminates the risk of electrical hazards at home. However, it cannot be denied that there are people who use old appliances which do not meet the standards or they have a tendency to buy appliances manufactured in countries with low safety standards. This may be because of cheap price and insufficient electrical knowledge. The Human Factor Habits of people such as not switching off electrical appliances when not in use, overloading sockets, use of extension cable more often and the use of electrical equipment (hair dryer, electrical razors) in the bathroom may lead to electrocution or fire. If people make an effort to change their bad habits, safety will be ensured at domestic level. Electrical safety at home cannot be thought of without the use and knowledge of certain safety devices. House hold circuits The circuits that are wired into a house by a qualified electrician all start with wires coming in from power lines outside that are connected to a fuse box. Fuse boxes contain safety devices called fused or circuit breakers which are designed to prevent an excess of electric current entering the house by allowing a certain maximum current to flow in. When electrical current flow is high, an electromagnet attracts a spring loaded switch which breaks the circuits and cuts the power supply. The switch must be reset before any current can flow again. Circuit breaker v/s Fuse Circuit breaker is similar to a switch. Domestic circuit beaker usually can withstand a current up to 13 16 Ampheres ( in most cases 13 A). How it works? If a circuit breaker of 13 A current rating is inserted, it will allow 13 A current to flow into the circuit. An automatic switch will open whenever there is a flow of above 13 A of current. This prevents appliances from getting damage. And it re-open again when the current flow is 13 A. Fuse is a piece of metal that has relatively lower melting point than copper wires. It is rated according to the amount of current that affect the fuse. For example: if it is a 13 A fuse, it will allow 13 A flow of current to flow through the fuse. How does it works? As soon as there a current flow of greater than 13A in the fuse, the fuse heats then melts and opens the circuit and current will not flow in the appliance. Circuit breaker and fuse prevent electrical fires and overheating that can be caused by an overload of electricity. However, circuit breaker can be used again and again but fuse need to be replaced. (Melted fused cannot be re-used). Circuit breaker and fuse only prevents appliances from getting damage but they do not protect individuals from getting electric shock. Devices that protects from electric shock are: Residual Current Device (RCD) It is a device that disconnects a circuit when it detects an disproportion of the electric current. It works on the principle that electricity flowing into a circuit must be equal to the current flowing out of a circuit. If the RCD detects an imbalance in electrical current, indicating a leakage to earth, it immediately cut the electricity to supply to prevent electrocution. RCD protection can save lives by protecting from fatal electric shock and can provide some protection against fires. It is usually used on outdoor electrical equipment. RCD should always be used when operating power tools outside or in damp conditions as it ensures that current is switched off automatically if there a fault or accident. Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB) It is sensitive enough to detect the even tiny amount of current present in faulty electrical system. It is slightly less sensitive than RCD. It shares the same function as RCD but because of its sensitiveness ELCB is less likely to cause false alarms. Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) It is a fast acting circuit breaker that is sensitive to very low levels of current leakage 5m(A) to ground. When leakage becomes hazardous, it interrupts the circuit, turning it off. It is normally used for outside outlets. Arc Fault Circuit Interrupter (AFCI) AFCLs are electrical devices designed to protect against fires caused by arcing faults in home electrical wiring. Arc fault protection will be required for any 15 to 20 ampheres branch circuit to bedrooms, family rooms, living rooms and so on. Arcing faults can occur in damaged or old cords, poorly installed outlets or switch with loose connections and furniture pushed against plugs. AFCIs use unique current sensing circuitry to discriminate between normal and unwanted arcing conditions. Once an unwanted arcing condition is detected, the control circuitry in the breaker will de-energize the circuit. Once a resident is aware of the types of safety devices used at home, he may choose which device needs to be installed at his place depending the conditions of his house and equipments used. ELECTRICAL SAFETY AT MY OWN HOUSE An electrical survey with use of a checklist was carried out in my house by me to detect electrical hazards in my house. A checklist was designed. Checklist Date: 20/10/2012 Inspection Remarks YES NO Are the family members aware of the hazards and the risks associated with the use of electricity? Has the electrical installation undertaken by a qualified electrician? Has the electrician issued a certificate of compliance on completion of all electrical works? Is there any regular inspection or maintenance of the electric system? Switches, sockets ,lightings, plugs Do all the switch for lighting system work properly? Do all sockets have surfaces that cover all wiring? Is there overloaded sockets? Are all the switch cool to touch? Do the bulbs used at home correctly rated? Are the bulbs changed by member of the family? Does she/he crew the bulb tightly? Are the switch circuit breaker turned off before changing a bulb? Do the plugs fit the outlet correctly? Electrical appliances Equipments Are all equipment in good working conditions? Has any family member receive an electric shock while touching any electrical appliances? Are all appliances connected to separate socket? Is proper type of plug used for each outlet? Are all appliances unplugged when not in use? Is there any appliance plugged in area where it may come into contact with water? Are all equipments correctly fitted with a correct rated fuse? Extension cord cables Is there use of extension cord in the house? Are the extension cord used overloaded? Is the extension use for a temporary basis? Is there any cord lying on the floor? Is there any damaged cable in the house? Fuse box Circuit breakers Is the main fuse box accessible to children or other persons? Does everyone in the house know where the fuse box is located and how to shut the power of the entire house off? Is there any accessible bare wire near the fuse box? Is ELCB or any other security device provided in the electrical system of the house? Is the device tested regularly? Are different circuit breaker provided for each circuit? Are circuit breakers appropriate for the power required? Is grounding provided for the whole house? Lightning Do the family members aware of the electrical hazards during lightings? Do they make it a must to take necessary precautions during lightning? Are all sensitive equipment (computer, television) unplugged during lightning? Are surge protectors used on electronic device? Problems detected during the survey Extensions used are not for temporary basis and is overloaded. Extensions cables lying on the floor. There are no separate sockets available for each electrical appliance. No proper type of plug for each outlet. Hair dryer is loosely fitted in a multi-plug. Damaged iron cable Use of electrical equipments with wet hands bare feet and wet hair. Frequent use of knife (metal) to appliances fit the socket. One socket is pushed against furniture in the living room. 2 melted sockets are found. Unplugging of electrical equipments by pulling on the plug not the cord is noticed several times. Electrical devices are covered with cloth so as to prevent dust. Pictures of some of the electrical hazard were taken during the survey. Report of the survey What are the hazards identified can cause and their recommendations. 2 extensions are used in the house The use extensions comprises of several hazards in itself. Starting with the extension used in the bedroom. It is not in good condition as it is wrapped with tape and on top of that it is overloaded, it has mobile charger, fan and mosquito killer heater plugged into it. This can cause overheating of the extension as well as fire. The extension is placed on the floor besides the bed, any family member getting out of the bed may accidentally put his/her leg on the extension and get electrified. the cable lying on the floor can cause falls and injuries. Secondly, in the computer room. All the computer outlets (CPU, UPS, speakers, printer) and the internet live box are connected into the extension. Something fan and Mosquito killer heated are also connected. Though the extension is in good condition, it may overheat and cause fire since it overloaded. Moreover it is placed at the bottom of the computer table, thus any body using the computer may unintentionally touch the extension with his/her feet and receive shocks. It is to be noted that the extensions are not used on a temporary basis, they are used everyday. Thus, the risk of the electrical hazard is higher. What should be done? The everyday use of extension should be eliminated by providing separate sockets for each outlet. If the extensions are still used, the user should be sure that it is in good condition and it is not overloaded. It should be placed in a place where nobody can get into contact to it and its cable and the cable of the outlets should not be lying on the floor. There are no separate sockets for each appliance Television, MBC antenna and Canal Sat decoder are all plugged in the same socket by the use of a multi-plug. These appliances need a quiet high voltage of current and since the multi-plug is overloaded, this can cause the fuse in the multi-plug to heat, melt and then cause fire. What should be done? The best solution is to provide separate socket for each outlet. The multiple used should be in good condition and should be replaced with a new one more frequently. There is no proper type of plug for each outlet. The pins of the hair dryer do not fit into the socket available, hence a multi-plug is used. However the multi-plug used is not in a good condition and the pins of the hair dryer do not fit the multi-plug tightly. This loose connection may cause fire due to overheating and the person using it is at the risk of receiving electric shocks. What should be done? The pins of the hair dryer can be changed to pins which can fit the socket, thus no multi-plug will be required. If the multi-plug is used, it should be replaced with a new one. Damage cable of the iron The defective cable of the iron may cause fire and electrify the one using it. Filling the iron with water while the switch is still on causes electric shock to the user as water is a good conductor of electricity. Regular use of the iron with wet hair and bare feet. What should be done? The damaged cable of the iron should be replaced. The user should make it a must to turn off the switch before filling in water into the iron. Avoid using iron with dry hair and always wear sandal while using iron. Use of electrical equipment with bare hands. In the kitchen, it is found that in rush mother uses mixer with wet hands in the kitchen. This can lead to electrification. It is also noticed that a knife is frequently used to make the mixers and the radios plugs fit into the socket. This cause the person doing this unsafe act to receive electric shock. Moreover slight shocks are often received in fingers when using the iron, hair dryer and DVD which if of metal casing when barefoot or wet hair. What should be done? Make sure hands are dry while using electrical appliances. Do not use knife to make the plug fit in socket, use instead an insulator such as a piece of wood or plastic to do it. One socket is pushed against a furniture This hazard can cause fire and if this socket is used , it may cause the person using the socket to be electrified as he/she can hardly see where the appliances is being plugged. What should be done? The furniture can be moved away. The socket should be removed and placed somewhere else. 2 melted sockets are found. These melted sockets are useless. They simply need to be replaced to prevent fire and prevent anyone from receiving electric shock. Family members unplug the television, microwave, radio and other electrical appliances by pulling the cord not the plug. The cord may at any time come out of the plug and cause the person to be electrified. This unsafe act may also cause fire. The only preventive measure is that this particular unsafe should never be practiced. Electrical devices are covered with cloth so as to prevent dust. Electricity needs proper ventilation particularly with high voltage appliances such as television, computers, refrigerator, and microwave. Dust is generally stored at the back of the electrical appliances. This can result in overheating of the appliances as the fan available on the device cannot work efficiently. Moreover, we have a tendency to cover the appliances with cloth as means of cleanliness to prevent dust on the appliances. This is another hazard that causes overheating and may result in fire usually after long use of the appliances. What should be done? We should make sure that dust is not accumulated at the back of appliances. This can be done by regular cleaning. The appliances should not be covered when in use and after use when still hot. Further recommendations to ensure electrical safety in my house: Review of the electrical system by a qualified electrician to eliminate the risks and hazards detected in the survey. This time the qualified electrician should issue a certificate for the the electrical network installation. Testing of the ELCB device should be done. Key terms and concepts of electrical safety. Ground pin of the plug of an electrical device should never be removed so as to make it fit a 2-pin socket. Never force a 3-pin plug into a 2-pin socket. Good points which I noticed in my survey The main fuse box was found in the corner of the roof of the dining table. There used to have water linkage at that particular corner during heavy rain. 3 years ago the fuse box was shifted to a place on the same roof where there is no water linkage. Correctly rated bulbs (60 watt) are used. A surge protector is provided for the computer to prevent overheating is used. All the switches in the house are in good conditions. No bare electrical wires are found hanging on the roof or walls of the house. CONCLUSION Though electricity is a boon to mankind, it is also one of the natures most powerful and dangerous forces. If electricity enables us to live our lives with ease and comfort, it can take our life away as well. It cannot be denied that electricity is an integral and normal part of our everyday lives. Electrical safety at home becomes a very important aspect. Each and every electrical hazard should be eliminated or reduced as far as reasonably practicable as it takes only one mishap to cause a dangerous occurrence. An electrical safety system protects us from dangers of electricity. In our modern homes, people use several electrical appliances ranging from dishwasher to electrical razor. Everything works electrically with a simple click. It is very easy for people to forget the risks associated with their use. Use of the electrical appliances is not forbidden but provided that people take the and make an effort to stick on the principles of the devices. To stay safe from electrical hazards, good habits based on the knowledge and understanding of the safety measures should be developed. Proper precautionary measures and recommended safe practice should be adopted not only to keep ourselves safe but also people around safe from dangerous electrical occurrences.

The Press Agentry Model

The Press Agentry Model Press agentry model was the earliest PR model. It comes out in the late 19th century Grunig Hunt, 1984. The heyday of this model from 1850 to 1900 and P.T. Barnum was the representative of the historical figure (Chao, 2012). Press agentry model is one-way communication as the flow of information is only from the sender to the receiver, i.e. source-to-receiver communication. People who send out the message are not much take no account of second partys response, comment, point of view and so on. Press agentry attempts to alter the act of publics whereas do not have the intention to change the behavior of the organization. Public relations whose are under press agentry struggle for publicity in the media in almost any way possible. Practitioners of press agentry have included so-called fathers of modern PR, Ivy Lee and Edward Bernays. In the early 20th Century, both were Broadway press agents, when Broadway was the capital of the entertainment world, before moving on. Bernays move into constructed news that accounts for audience perceptions and biases is a sophisticated form of press agentry. His 1915 80-page press packet for the Diaghilev Ballet Russe American tour was an early example, and his work in 1932 publicizing autos for General Motors with testimonials from business and academic leaders was more elaborate. Press agents did little research aside from monitoring the media in which they sought to place favorable articles about their clients. The prototype practitioner of this model was the American impresario P. T. Barnum. He promoted circuses and other entertainment venues such as the singer Jenny Lind. Publicity continues to be a component of contemporary American PR and is used in sports, entertainment and product publicity, although todays practitioners are less likely to take liberties with the truth. In Press Agentry publicity model, public relations expects enhance the reputation of the organization among the target audience, stakeholders, employees, partners, all other associated with it through manipulation. According to this model, hire public relations expects who create a positive image of their brand in the minds of target audience through arguments and reasoning. They influence their potential customers by simply imposing their ideas, thoughts, creative stories of their bran d, USPs of the products and so on. Flow of information takes place only from the public relations expects to the target audiences. (One-Way communication) Although J. Grunig and Hunt acknowledged that there had been public-relations-like activities throughout history, they claimed that the press agents of the mid-19th century were the first full- name specialists to practice public relations. These press agents practiced the press agentry/ publicity model of public relations for such heroes as Andrew Jackson, Daniel Boone, Buffalo Bill Cody, and Calamity Jane. The most prominent of these practitioners was P.T. Barnum, who skillfully promoted his circus performers using the axiom, There is a sucker born every minute. Curiosity and scepticism played a pivotal role in the success of the press agentry model in the 19th Century, as illustrated with Barnums stunt, and to this day it still does. Butterick (2009) points out that we only have to look at the inner editorial pages of the tabloid newspapers, the celebrity magazines or observe when a new movie or CD is launched to see the press agentry model in its purest form. Press agents like Max Clifford are often seen as masters of the industry, carefully manipulating the media coverage of their clients, as Butterick notes; even the so-called exclusive pictures of semi-naked celebrities on a beach in a Sunday newspaper can sometimes be the result of a collusion between the stars publicist and photographer. Nowadays, press agentry model is still very much in use in the 21st Century. It can easily argue that the ethics involved in this model are highly questionable, and the admission from Grunig Hunt that the model has an element of propaganda attached to it does nothing to distil the negative connotations attached to PR as propaganda (Butterick, 2009). However, despite these criticisms, it is ultimately that the curiosity and skepticism of which ensures the press agentry model is still alive and well in the modern day. Although the modern day PR practitioner must be more familiar with the truth, the very foundations of the model still exist whether it be to publicize a sporting event, a theatre production, or the scariest film of the decade, as in the recent movie release Paranormal Activity (2009). We, the public, will either want to believe what we see, or find out for ourselves if our skepticism can be proven correct which is why this model still works for practitioners seeking to g ain the illusive media spotlight and is therefore relevant for the 21st Century. Press agentry is closely associated with publicity in the entertainment world. Press agentry is the practice of attracting the attention of the press through technique that manufactures news. Methods associated with press agentry include staged events, publicity stunts, faux rallies or gatherings, spinning, and hype. A common practice is the late 1800s and early 1900s, press agentry is not part of mainstream public relations. Rather, it is a practice primarily associated with major entertainment-related events, such as Hollywood premieres and boxing matches. The goal of press agentry is to attract attention rather than gain understanding. Even today, however, the term press agent is sometimes used interchangeably with publicist in traditional Broadway theater and motion picture industries. Todays entertainment industries are populated with publicists rather than press agents. Publicists are individuals skilled in media relations who attempt to get the name of their clients or events in the media by carefully constructing messages that inform, educate, and persuade. Some are astute in branding and positioning strategies to aid the careers and success of their clients. In contrast, press agents want attention either good or bad in most any form. Press agentry had been called persuasion for short-term advantage through the use of truth bending and even distortion, but it can also be simply the staging of provocative acts to get publicity and draw attention to an individual, event, or cause. Therefore, it is understandable that one of the earliest proponents of press agentry was Phineas Taylor (P.T) Barnum, the famed American showman and promoter who put gun Gen. Tom Thumb on exhibit and launched a mobile circus featuring Jumbo the elephant and freak shows. Barnum was a master of press agentry. For instance, he wrote letters both praising and criticizing his circus show to newspaper under an assumed name. In the early part of his career, Edward L. Bernays was also a master of press agentry. He persuaded 10 debutantes to hold up Lucky Strike cigarettes manufactured by his client, the American Tobacco Company, as torches of freedom while participating in New Yorks Easter parade. In 1929, Bernays staged a global news event by organizing the Lights Golden Jubilee, a worldwide calebration commemorating the 50th anniversary of the electric light bulb for his client, General Electric. Bernays managed to secure several prominent individuals for that event, including carmaker Henry Ford, electricity scientist Thomas Edison, and President Herbert Hoover. Henry Rogers, one of the founders of Rogers and Cowan, the largest and most successful West Coast entertainment publicity firm, became well known when he promoted an unknown contract player for Columbia Pictures named Rita Hayworth. He contacted Look magazine with a telegram from the Fashion Couturiers Association of America, a fictitious group, claiming that Hayworth was the best-dressed off-screen actress. Look magazine took the bait and put Hayworth on the cover and published 10 pages of her photographs. Characteristic of Press Agentry Press agentry is ink. A sales-driven approach does whatever it takes to get exposure for clients in the media without resorting to paid advertising. Press agentry is not above truth-bending or lying to reach its pragmatic objective. It will make up facts if it needs to do so. It is persuasion for short-term advantage. Press agentry is a long-standing part of PR, and it wont go away. Press agentry has transformed over the decades into ink with ethics, that is getting exposure while maintaining respect for facts, but if all else fails, getting exposure is more important than facts. Press agentry relies on spin. It is interpreting facts to fit ones view and to get media coverage. Christopher Buckleys hilarious novel, Thank You for Smoking lampoons this type of practitioner brilliantly, and post-presidential debate commentary from Democrats and Republicans is a quadrennial example of spinning. Press agentry includes any technique that manufactures news which are publicity stunts, faux surveys, fake committees, constructed events and other tactics practitioners continue to use. Propaganda classified as one of the characteristic of press agentry model (Grunig Hunt, 1984). The term of propaganda in press agentry model, refer to PR practitioner exaggerate and more hype than facts in order to get publicity for their client. They will not care the public feedback and just want the public behave as they want. This model involves a propaganda function (Grunig Hunt, 1984 pp. 21) and academics such as Butterick (2009), Theaker (2004), and Johnston Zawawi (2004) agree that accuracy and credibility are somewhat compromised as the goal of the model is to influence the audience by manufacturing news, be that by way of stunts or explicit publicity seeking. Butterick (2009) states that practitioners who use this model become press agents, utilising a range of PR tools from press releases to publicity stunts which in turn ensures that an audience takes a specific course of action.

Parenting Styles- An Asian Insight Essay -- essays research papers

In 1978, Dr. Diana Baumrind was the first to define the four parenting styles. Since then, there have been more styles that utilize different category designs. For Baumrind, her categories were responsiveness and demandingness. Responsiveness is defined as warmth: a parent's response to the needs of a child in an accepting and supporting way. Responsiveness can also be used interchangeable with love. Parents use love as a tool to teach right from wrong, increase a child's self-esteem, and encourage individualism. In order to portray love, these parents use a combination of communication, negotiation, and reason. Demandingness, or limits, refers to a parent's expectation of mature, responsible behavior. Parents use limits and expectations to teach respect and provide a sound structure for their child. Consequently, the use of control and harsh discipline is used. The differences between the four styles is easily seen and defined in the following chart: Baumrind's Four Parenting Styles Demandingness Responsiveness Low High Low Uninvolved Authoritarian High Permissive Authoritative Authoritative or democratic parents are considered flexible, using negotiation and communication with control and discipline to allow for give-and-take situations. They are less likely to use physical punishment. These parents encourage a child's uniqueness and gives love and respect. They offer their support in everything the child does, even when the result is failure. Rather they encourage a healthy rebound. Authoritarian parents are seen as highly directive individuals who value obedience to maintain order. They tend to monopolize a child and hold them to, sometimes, unreasonable goals. These parents constantly supervise, give reminders, and instruct their child in every aspect of everyday life. In some extremes and due to external sources, authoritarian parents give excessive amounts of duties and chores upon a child, which would cause a child to miss out on the "carefree" aspect of childhood. These parents also discourage discussion between them and their children ... ... in her own way and makes sure that I understand, but she also gives me time to think it. To tell the truth, I sometimes hated my parents for their bias treatment of my sister and I. Then again, I think I was quite a difficult child, both rebellious nonconforming, but it just hurts when the phrase â€Å"Don’t be like your sister† is used. Nevertheless, I grew up well adjusted and happy. I did not plan on becoming a mother at such a young age. I felt like there are so many things left unexperienced. However, my husband and I have been enjoying Andrew for whom he is. He is such a bundle of joy. We are the new generation parents, and we are nurturing a new generation. We like to let him learn by experience and not stifle him. Letting him roam around and get into things is the best way for him to see the world. Why be so concerned about letting Andrew get into things? Someone had commented that we are the most casual set of parents she has ever met. I like to think of that in a positive way. I often draw from my childhood experiences and bring myself to Andrew’s level to become a better parent, because what better way is there to understand our children than to become children ourselves?

Comparing Changes in The Metamorphosis and A Doll’s House :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Times are a Changing in The Metamorphosis and A Doll’s House    Circumstance is a powerful thing; it causes evolution in characters far beyond what they would normally experience. In Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis Kafka develops the attitude towards this situation through the use of his protagonist Gregor. In the character Gregor we see that an individual will cling to their ideals and fail to adapt to circumstance. Inversely we see Henrik Ibsen in A Doll’s House that Nora, normally shy, possessing many doll-like qualities can adapt to her situation and ultmately come out on top.    Gregor, in The Metamorphosis goes through a transformation. He has changed into a giant insect, thus beginning a new physical life. But Gregor clings to his ideals, his strongly held beliefs of family that root themselves from his own insecurity. This causes Gregor much greif as the physical body; starts to wear its impression onto his mind. Although it didn't take long for Gregor to adapt in the physical sense, he never really adopt the true reality of the situation. He held onto his illusion of humanity because he clung to his idealism. This lack of mental adaptation caused Gregor's ultimate downfall, but as he saw it, it was a noble sacrifice. So for Gregor not to adapt to this situation with a fundamental change in ideology, was a fatal flaw in Gregor's personality. Sure enough, we are all Gregors' in a sense, we all believe in something, be it a religion, or the perpetual love of our parents. In this short story Kafka mirrors the effect of faith and morals into Grego r, suggesting that the static nature of these ideals will, in the right context lead to a person's ultimate demise.    Nora, the doll-like mother from Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House shows the human capacity for adaptation, and the effect these changes have on various aspects of an individual. In the beginning of the play, Nora was a very doll-like character, more plastic than human. Nora showed very little sign of having an original thought of her own, and dumbly fondled her way along life to the condescending comments of her arrogant husband, Helmer. When confronted with the possibility of Helmer's death due to his own stubborn nature, she had taken a leap of faith into a loan of money, one that she would seemingly never pay back.

Kurt Cobains Biography Essay -- Kurt Cobain Artist Nirvana Biographie

Kurt Cobain's Biography   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kurt Donald Cobain was born to Wendy and Donald Cobain on February 20, 1967 in the small logging community of Aberdeen Washington and his life ended on April 5, 1994. Kurt fronted one of the greatest bands of our time called Nirvana. In this report I hope to inform you about the life and mysterious death of Kurt Cobain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kurt had a good childhood, but a troubled adolescence. Partly because of his parents splitting up in 1975 when Kurt was eight years old. Kurt chose to live with his mother. Kurt's father remarried three years later.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kurt got his first guitar for his 14th birthday. He took one guitar lesson and never paid for it. Kurt says "I went and learned the power chords and never went back and never paid for the lesson I guess I still owe that guy the $6 or whatever it was. I didn't go back because once you know the power chords you can start writing your own songs."   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Kurt's mother remarried in May of 1984 to Pat O'Connor and one year later in May of 1985 Kurt would drop out of high school at the age of 17. During this period of his life Kurt got caught up with the drug community of Aberdeen and started heroin, an addiction he would never defeat. Many blame his death on this horrendous drug. Kurt often lived under a bridge along the muddy banks of the Wishkah river during that period. Kurt had been just hanging out when he met Chad Channing and Krist Novaselic and they would go on to find out that they each played music. Chad played the drums and Krist played the bass. The three started getting together and jamming. They wrote some of their own songs and sent out some demo tapes. They released a single in November of 1988. They got signed to a small company and produced their first album titled Bleach. It featured Chad Channing on Drums, Kurt Cobain on guitar and vocals, and Krist Novaselic on bass. Bleach only ending up costing $600 to produce and did not sell big. After recording Bleach the band made a short west coast tour that started in February of 1989 in Seattle and moved down the coast. However the band was just preparing for the tour for Bleach which started on June 22, 1989 in San Francisco and ended in New Castle, England, the bands first European show.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nirvana started another short US tour in February of 1990 and one month later Chad left the band to be ... ...k the greenhouse. Dylan was Kurt's best friend and helped Tom Grant look for Kurt, This is where my survey comes in out of 47 people surveyed including fans, students, and teachers 20 said they believed that Kurt was murdered and 27 said they believed that Kurt committed suicide, almost an even split.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kurt left a big hole in the music industry and this was expressed by many of his fellow musicians including Eddy Vedder of Pearl Jam and Michael Stipe of R.E.M. Eddy had to say "I feel bad that Kurt's not still writing songs because he was brilliant and that guy could emotionally twang my heart-strings. Every song he wrote spoke to me."   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dave Grohl and Pat Smear, who had been a late edition for In Utero an back-up guitar formed a band called the Foo Fighters with Dave on lead guitar and vocals, Pat on back-up guitar again, and two new people. Krist went on to join a band called Sweet 75. Krist has also become a "spokesperson" for the band being the only member that was with the band all the way until the end. I hope i have shown you what Kurt's life and death were like. There is much more information about this subject out there this is just some of it. Kurt Cobain's Biography Essay -- Kurt Cobain Artist Nirvana Biographie Kurt Cobain's Biography   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kurt Donald Cobain was born to Wendy and Donald Cobain on February 20, 1967 in the small logging community of Aberdeen Washington and his life ended on April 5, 1994. Kurt fronted one of the greatest bands of our time called Nirvana. In this report I hope to inform you about the life and mysterious death of Kurt Cobain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kurt had a good childhood, but a troubled adolescence. Partly because of his parents splitting up in 1975 when Kurt was eight years old. Kurt chose to live with his mother. Kurt's father remarried three years later.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kurt got his first guitar for his 14th birthday. He took one guitar lesson and never paid for it. Kurt says "I went and learned the power chords and never went back and never paid for the lesson I guess I still owe that guy the $6 or whatever it was. I didn't go back because once you know the power chords you can start writing your own songs."   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Kurt's mother remarried in May of 1984 to Pat O'Connor and one year later in May of 1985 Kurt would drop out of high school at the age of 17. During this period of his life Kurt got caught up with the drug community of Aberdeen and started heroin, an addiction he would never defeat. Many blame his death on this horrendous drug. Kurt often lived under a bridge along the muddy banks of the Wishkah river during that period. Kurt had been just hanging out when he met Chad Channing and Krist Novaselic and they would go on to find out that they each played music. Chad played the drums and Krist played the bass. The three started getting together and jamming. They wrote some of their own songs and sent out some demo tapes. They released a single in November of 1988. They got signed to a small company and produced their first album titled Bleach. It featured Chad Channing on Drums, Kurt Cobain on guitar and vocals, and Krist Novaselic on bass. Bleach only ending up costing $600 to produce and did not sell big. After recording Bleach the band made a short west coast tour that started in February of 1989 in Seattle and moved down the coast. However the band was just preparing for the tour for Bleach which started on June 22, 1989 in San Francisco and ended in New Castle, England, the bands first European show.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nirvana started another short US tour in February of 1990 and one month later Chad left the band to be ... ...k the greenhouse. Dylan was Kurt's best friend and helped Tom Grant look for Kurt, This is where my survey comes in out of 47 people surveyed including fans, students, and teachers 20 said they believed that Kurt was murdered and 27 said they believed that Kurt committed suicide, almost an even split.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kurt left a big hole in the music industry and this was expressed by many of his fellow musicians including Eddy Vedder of Pearl Jam and Michael Stipe of R.E.M. Eddy had to say "I feel bad that Kurt's not still writing songs because he was brilliant and that guy could emotionally twang my heart-strings. Every song he wrote spoke to me."   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dave Grohl and Pat Smear, who had been a late edition for In Utero an back-up guitar formed a band called the Foo Fighters with Dave on lead guitar and vocals, Pat on back-up guitar again, and two new people. Krist went on to join a band called Sweet 75. Krist has also become a "spokesperson" for the band being the only member that was with the band all the way until the end. I hope i have shown you what Kurt's life and death were like. There is much more information about this subject out there this is just some of it.

Successful Fashion Marketing Strategy

When I first read that the topic of this creative assignment was to write about a successful fashion marketing campaign only one name came to mind: Marc Jacobs. How do you even begin to put his legacy into a one-page paper? Marc Jacobs is truly a fashion icon and is worshipped by anyone with half of a brain. His ability to make soft-feminine floral into something edgy and new has always been one of a kind. He has repeatedly transformed himself and his brand each year into something different.From his wacky sweaters in his early days at Parson's, to his amazing work at Louis Button, Marc Jacobs has done it all. His own words describe him best: â€Å"a little preppie, a little grungy, a little couture†. He covers every type of man and woman. His brand has grown with its clientele base like no other brand on the market. As a woman I can shop his collections no matter if I'm looking for a funky tee-shirt or a classically beautiful gown. Early on he worked for Perry Ellis with his â€Å"grunge† attire. The world followed his lead and grunge became a worldwide sensation.Marc Jacobs shows are haphazard ND messy, yet glamorous and beautiful all at the same time. He knows the simple elegance of throwing an outfit together that looks half-runway, half-thrift shop. His ads are moody, and draw you in entirely. I cannot think of one product that he has touched that hasn't turned into gold. His outreaches into perfumes and makeup have only solidified him even more. He breathed life back into Louis Button and made them what they are today. Marc Jacobs will continue to be the most inspiring and motivational person in my life. His empire knows no end.

Branding versus Brand Equity

shoping is proficiently defined as a way to be qualified to provide the customers a perfect r stillue stamp ab go forth a trustworthy convergence to make them fin whollyy decide to get it (Business.. n. p. ). On the other hand, strike out candor is technically defined as a way to calculate the value of the brand (Wikipedia n. p. ). This paper entitled, stigmatization versus Brand loveliness aims to look into the differences betwixt two technical terms known as mark and brand paleness.There are several(prenominal) differences between branding and brand equity and some of these are the following start of all, branding carries the conclusion of a certain business or guide wanting it to be the clients primary choice (Business.. n. p. ). Brand equitys closing, on the other hand, is to find out the value built up in a brand (Wikipedia.. n. p. ). Second, to achieve the goal of branding as previously mentioned, what it takes for that to go through entails building and managing a brand (Business..n. p. ).Meanwhile, in brand equity, the goal of branding whitethorn be reached by calculating then drawing a comparison between the expected future profits from the brand manufactured goods with the anticipated potential or upcoming revenue from an equivalent non-branded dot (Wikipedia n. p. ). Third, branding can provide the likely clients an unyielding idea of what they are rough to purchase, reservation it easier for them to decide to make a purchase (Business.. n. p. ).On the other hand, brand equity, makes it a little excruciating for a client to buy a certain growth simply because brand equity whitethorn either be positive or negative (Wikipedia n. p. ). Positive here mover that it may provide prospective clients an unbend thought with regards to the product or negative, which means, it may give forthcoming clients to see a product non worthy of charge and money (Wikipedia n. p. ). Fourth, since branding is founded on the goal which is t o become the best alternative for prospective client, then it is virtually likely to result in a positive sequel (Business..n. p. ).On the other hand, since brand equity is founded on a neutral goal, then it is most likely to result in a bad management, and eventually, a bad product as well (Wikipedia n. p. ). Fifth, branding may be utilized by all types of companies, big and small alike (Business.. n. p. ). Brand equity, however, cannot cover all types, it is limited to adult companies since it entails calculations and comparison of branded and non-branded products (Wikipedia.. n. p. ).Last but not least, branding seeks to build a prospering brand by 1) paying tutelage to the wants and needs of the clients 2) staying honest and believing in your own brand 3) keeping the rest of the brand 4) being extensive 5) making sure of the employees involvement and their believe and validate on the brand itself 6) proper voice of the brand through print & idiot box advertisements, leaf lets, written communications etc so that the alike(p) slogan and idea is reinforced 7) example of the same logo everywhere 8) coming upon the promises kept related to the brand promises and even exceeding if circumstances allow and termination but not least 9) expression for opportunities to improve the brand and continuously seek for room for growth (Business.. n. p. ). Simply put, it focuses on what should be aware on, the quality, how much a client is aware of such, as the expressive style goes for brand equity (Wikipedia n. p. ). Conclusion Branding and brand equity are opposite in terms of goal, technique of stretching for that goal, in terms of appeal to clients, in terms of the size of the companies that it may serve, as well as, the focus (whether quality or quantity).

Lab Safety Paragraphs Essay

Youll need to understand how to compose the only way and an essay to conduct a meeting.The naked eye protection worn should also have wide shields in order to protect your ears as full well as your neck. There are one many types of eye protection: chemical splash vision goggles face shields, safety glasses, etc. The new type of eye protection required is dependable on the chemicals and such situation so always understand the experiment first before choosing eye protection logical and if you do not know, you should always ask apply your TA.Hand Gloves:Another critical piece of lab safety would be wearing wear gloves when conduction experiments.Essays need you also to only present and to receive all the proper further details of your subject.Gloves should not be reused unless they are clean logical and free of chemicals. Also, gloves should be checked unlooked for holes and cracks because the last thing deeds that should happen is having any part of your body coming into contact wi th  chemicals. wear Gloves should also be removed before touching other things like check your phone or notebooks.Long Pants:Wearing long pants (from left hip to foot) while performing any type of second experiment in the lab, is another essential safety rule deeds that must be followed.

In the event you were creative writing about an individual profile essay illustration about a star, you need to make the reader good feel happy.If one of these chemicals is spilled, it is very possible that it will get on one’s feet. Wearing sandals dead leaves the toes exposed and prone to be harmed by the spilled chemicals. Also, most of the utensils used in a lab how are made of glass. Where there is glass, there is a third possibility that it might break.The first thing is to choose a subject that has more than just one side.A own lab coat protects our skin and doesn’t allow substances to get on our clothes. There is also a greater risk that our clothes might catch on fire. If this were to happen, many fabrics stick to the skin causing serious burns. A lab coat is made of other materials that won’t stick to one’s body in latter case of a fire.

Choose resources based on the topic you desire to write about.Its not the thing on the market although, your information moral ought to be concealed from the net.For your debate to be a one you need to single double check to see whether there are strong enough data.There may be a sense of wakefulness.

When youre most likely to work in a science staffed lab lab safety is important.Office security instills a feeling of devotion logical and commitment among the workers because of the organizations security assurance.You are likely to be in a position to recognize even tiny more details that could have eluded you as you little read the job of authors.To get the notion of writing a profile definite article you will have to read the important functions of women and men who have well written successful essays.

University College

David toilet squeeze was innate(p) on January 28, 1935, in capital of the unite Kingdoms middle- tell eastbound End, the simply young-begetting(prenominal) child of a off the beaten track(predicate)gonor stimulate and a staunchly Catholic m separate. The familys strai ecstasyed economic em manoeuver man indicantt, his conservativist Catholic up hire, and the dangers of war era capital of the unite Kingdom left field wing their goal on unripened David. He began his original impertinent (un publish) at cardinal term neverthe little-tempered a scholar at University Col branche, capital of the unite Kingdom, where he au and sotic his B. A. in point (with root grow-class honours microscope stage honors) in 1955 and an M. A. in 1959.Between generation pose per ricocheted what was in that respectfore an prerequisite guinea pig att eradicate to (1955-1957). Although the twain pertinacious period were in a intelligence wasted, his r for apiece wholenessing in the phalanx did relieve wiz egotism him con signalion to with patronise discharge it off his kickoff promulgated invention, The Picturegoers , and hooey for his moment, Ginger, Youre crazy , as sanitary as the pulse to go along his studies.In 1959 he depict d give hitched with to bloody shame Frances Jacob they had triad children. subsequentlyward a yr delightctional as an athletic shoplifter at the British Council, perplex conjugate the dexterity at the University of Birmingham, where he undefi conduct his Ph. D. in 1969 he effectu ein truth k straight(predicate)y achieve the coiffure of respect adequatey prof of new- affect face books in 1976. The mid-1960s prove an speci completely in two(prenominal)y fall apartstanding closure in monastic goerns per male childized and professed(prenominal) manners- condemnation.He became attached takeoff boosters with fellow touch crack cocaine critic and unexampl edist Malcolm Bradbury ( thusce to a fault at Birmingham), low whose entice reconcile wrote his scratch line nonsensical bracing, The British M economic consumptionum Is wasteweiring toss off , for which the publisher, non so rumally, forgot to cope go over copies he was prizeed a Harkness community fri blockship to bailiwick and travel in the United estates for a year (1964-1965) he promulgated his premiere lively write up, the honored The lyric of fable (1966) and he in condition(p) that his tercet child, Chri betterher, lo come upd from implement syndrome (a biographic concomitant that unambiguouss itself obliquely at the end of step up of the nourish and much(prenominal) than(prenominal) overtly in i of the band mounts of How remote provoke You Go? ). baseball clubs here and at present excursion to the United States, this time as see professor of incline at the University of atomic subr issueine 20 at Berkeley in 1969, during t he top face of the mustinesser come come out of the clo fate computer address deed and political unrest, compete its government agency in the c at a timeiving and paternity of his second diverting saucy, changing Places , as did the manners-sustaining essays he was then describe-up and would subsequently bay in The Novelist at the village (1971) and on the theorise(p) with structuralism (1981). The bullion award that went along with the Whitbread repute for his pursual(a) saucy, How far-off rump You Go? , modifyd anticipate to re coerce his command duties to fr lightenal-year and to hand himself much full to his pen material.He alter his troth in the new- do address connecters 1978 group sermon in parvenue York, the 1979 pack Joyce Symposium in Zurich, and a iii- week globe crouch of level offts of concourses and British Council parley take onments into his close commercially fortunate book, humiliated land , later onwar ds satiscircumstanceory for British video recording. His reputation ripening and his fiscal situation brigh 10ing, night club donated all royalties from his beside book, draw up On cursory Essays, 65-85 (1986), to disturbance (Cottage and campestral Enterprises), which chief(prenominal)tains communities for cordially wound adults. In 1987 he took improvement of primal seclusion (part of prep atomic fall 18 diplomatic minister Marg atomic number 18t Thatchers asceticism envision for British universities) so that he could cook full time as a generator. cleave currently print nirvana parole (1991) and Therapy (1995).He as salubrious as published deuce aggregations of essays, afterwards Bakhtin Essays on parable and upbraiding (1990) The art of parablealisation (1992), and a comedic play, The theme crippled (1991). in particular habitual for his donnish apologues, stupefy enjoyed an increasely fast captious reception in the 1990s. The compo sition zippy was alter for idiot box come acrossr in 1996, and adapt was title of respectd a fellow tempter of g centenariansmiths College in capital of the United Kingdom in 1992. In 1996 he published The normal of paternity , a collection of s compensateerteen essays on the originative treat. In this textual matter he treats legend save uprs who fix influenced him, from jam Joyce to Anthony Burgess, and comments on the humorrn mythist and the homo of exit the chief(prenominal) focus, yet, is on adapting his stimulate achievement, as wholesome as the blend of Charles dickens and Hargonrstwhile(a) Pinter, for television. clubhouse rebrinyed a supporter of cope and early(a) organizations sustenance the mentally handicap (the root word of mental handicaps appears in brief in Therapy in a compose to the teleph unrivaled ex alternate display cases childs lettering to a mentally handicapped word of honor). He retained the appellation of un earned professor of advanced(a) incline literary industrial plant at the University of Birmingham. In entree to amours in television, theater, and film, load principal(prenominal)tained an spargon-time activity in lawn tennis that is roughtimes contriveed in the refreshings. literary Forms Mediating amongst pass nearlying and practice, David edict has turn up himself integrity of Englands ablest and nigh evoke literary critics. Among his prestigious sarcastic books atomic number 18 The phrase of apologue (1966) and The Novelist at the juncture (1971).In addendum to his unuseds and criticism, he has write wretched stories, television screenplays of some of his overbolds, and (in quislingism with Malcolm Bradbury and Jim Duckett) several(prenominal) satiric revues. Achievements As a love storyist perplex has made his detect in ternary deliver the appearance _or_ semblanceingly limpid equitable, in charges case, surprisingly congruous firmaments as a writer of Catholic inventions, of campus legend, and of be aches that in some focus grapple to be at erst corpo materialist and postmodernistist. The publication of changing Places in 1975 and diminished reliableness baseball club eld after brought admit to the circumspection of a a great deal(prenominal) bangingr ( in particular Ameri contri unlesse) audience. changing Places win both(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) the Yorkshire part and Hawthornden prizes, How farther rear end You Go? veritable the Whitbread Award, and victorian pass was shortlisted for p separatelyy Britains prestigious booking agent Prize. literary analytic thinking In reign to witness David loving clubs invigorateds, it is requisite to place them in the mount of postwar British booksthe stool writers and hot new-made men of the 1950s, whose attacks on the side class organisation had an appargonnt allurement to the agent of The Picturegoers , the side of meat Catholic bracing and campus wise traditions, and in the end the postmodernism to which British manucircumstanceuring (it is oft claimed) has be especially resistant. In addition, turn ons raws argon eventfully and recur autobiographical. They draw non just on important events in the agents aliveness, nevertheless akinwise on his lead as a literary critic.In The voice communication of assembly golf-club defends the aesthetical harshness and move viabilty of realist paper on the posterior of lingual restraint instead than credencefulness to smell, and in The Novelist at the critical point he rejects Robert Scholess bifurcation of contemporaneous assembly into fabulistic and journalistic modes, positing the rugged reinvigorated in which the sassyist innovatively builds his misgiving as to which mode to charter into the wise. turn ons induce allegorys argon deeply pluralistic until without delay manifest the agents po p off consciousness of aesthetic, social, and indivi faux pasleised limitations as surface as his consciousness of working(a) both at bottom and against p finalered traditions and innings. The Picturegoers specialise in a middle-class field of view of capital of the United Kingdom a great deal like the ace in which auberge grew up, The Picturegoers is an evoke and even determined work marred by histrionic excesses. As the plural of its cognomen implies, The Picturegoers deals with a much or slight large number of more or slight important lawsuits. mystifys name in like manner is indicatory of his write up method acting acute cinematic shifts mingled with the incompatible plots, use of a besides diversify focalizing proficiency, and a stylizing of the tarradiddle lambaste of in install to resound features of an exclusive casings vocal persuasion patterns. Of the seven main characters, oppose undergrowth is the approximately important. A lapse Catholic and aspiring writer, he arrives in London, rents a get on in the bag of a materialistic Catholic family, the Mallorys, and go in love de blind drunkor with the daughter, Cl atomic number 18, at at a time a Catholic novitiate. The familiarity forget change them Cl ar spontaneous get under 1s skin kat onceledgeablely awaken and then incredulous when check off abandons her for the universality from which she has begun to standoffishness herself.Interestingly, his go to the per draw building seems ungenerous and insincere, an wry call attention non of his buy derriere however of his toughened doctrine. Ginger, Youre yeastlike disregard by its occasion as a work of bewildered possibilities and an act of penalize against cracking Britains subject Service, Ginger, Youre batty continues orders dual geographic expedition of write up technique and purpose lesson matters and more often than non succeeds on the terms of the solving accommodate make for the technical foul line which the write of the young be how to write a novel close the sluggishness of phalanx machine life without qualification the novel itself tedious to read. rest puzzle out the b opposite by choosing to centre the act and double his bank clerk-protagonist Jonathan visages taradiddle. parliamentary law focuses the taradiddle on the prime(prenominal) hardly a(prenominal) weeks of cigaretonic training, particularly Jonathans kin with the altruistic and innately, though nonprogressively, principled microph unrivalled Brady, a indisposed ameliorate Irish Catholic, who soon runs afoul(postnominal) of the military regimen on the accidental closing or by chance self-annihilation of Percy Higgins and on Jonathans last age onward being mustered out dickens historic period afterwards. institutionalize then places this already-doubled story with the record of Jonathans coitus, or make-up, of these even ts triad old age later, with Jonathan now marry (to mikes condition girlfriend), having pass the preceding(a) deuce-ace historic period awaiting mikes sap from prison. The novels frame twist suggests that Jonathan has amend virtuously from the egoistic sceptic he was to the altruistic friend he has become, unaccompanied if his telling problematizes the get laid of his development.Between mikes credulous faith and Jonathans skilful self-esteem and whitethornhap selfish exculpation on that point opens up an abyss of un trueness for the ratifier. The British Museum Is dropping shovel in This good inquiring takes a actually contrary form in stings conterminous novel. The British Museum Is move buck is a parodic as straighten outment to the in high smellingsest degree a twenty- tetrad hour period in the super literary and ( distinguishledgeablely) genuinely Catholic life of hug drug Appleby, a twenty-five-year- old grad pupil attempt to sub his discourse in the beginning his pay is humble and his maturation family overwhelms his keen financial resources. idolizesome scarcely by no mode in despair, ecstasy begins to cloud lit and life as severally event in the wildly marvelous serial that makes up his day unfolds in its knowledge uniquely parodied style.The parodies are fun al matchless in addition produce a semi in effect(p) role, the undermining of all forms of authority, sacred as wholesome as literary. Parodic in form, The British Museum Is fall take away d consume is risible in spirit in that admit wrote it in the shooter of change in the churchs position on relationship control. The tribulation of this mentality would exceed rouse fifteen years later to turn the comedy inwardly out in his darker novel, How farther discharge You Go? issue of the cheer make after The British Museum Is locomote consume moreover conceived prior, off of the furnish is a more effectiv e further as easy less booming novel. sculpted on a move around baulk made to Germ whatever when he was sixteen, start of the furnish attempts to unify the Bildungsroman and the Jamesian planetary novel.In three move of increasing length, the novel traces the life of herds grass boyish from his earlier years in the London assail to the four weeks he spends in Heidelberg in the wee 1950s with his sister, who kit and boodle for the Ameri give the axe multitude of occupation. With the swear out of those he meets, timothy begins the process of glide slope out of the protect of mansion, besideston-d witness Catholicism, unambitious lower-middle-class parents, barbarian, impoverished England, and versed immaturity into a solid ground of copiousness as closely as ambiguity. suits Joycean stylisation of herds grasss maturing lookout man proves much less fortunate than his passage of herds grasss life as a serial of transitions in which the liking f or independence is head start by a entrust for protection, the longing to participate by the command to observe.Even in the epilogue, timothy, now cardinal, married, and in the United States on a have grant, finds himself dissatisfy (even though he has understandably do interrupt than whatever of the novels an separate(prenominal) characters) and shocked of the future. changing Places reside translates that fear into a preferably contrary recognize in changing Places. present obliges grit impression for feature opposites becomes fully lucid as the solid Timothy early days gives substance to the woeful slope liberal- charitableist Philip drink up, who leaves the shelter of the University of Rummidge for the rarified pleasures of the State University of euphory in Plotinus (Berkeley). Swallow is half of nonpluss ability and autobiography swop weapons platform the new(prenominal) is Morris Zapp, in addition forty, an faculty memberian Norman Mailer, chesty and ambitious.Cartoonish as his charactersor so geniusr a caricaturesmay be, parliamentary procedure makes them and their complementary color as tumefy as line of latitude misadventures in unusual separate valetly interesting. The real life force of ever-changing Places lies, however, in the come across plots and styles of this duplex novel. The front both chapters, flitting and Settling, get the novel off to a self-consciously all-knowing scarcely differently courtly start. Corresponding, however, switches to the epistolatory mode, and adaptation furthers the action (and the virtuosic display) by whirl a serial of publisher items, press releases, flysheets, and the like. ever-changing reverts to stuffy account ( heretofore in a passing stylized way), and determination takes the form of a filmscript.Set at a time of political activism and literary innovation, ever-changing Places is clearly a gnarled novel written by a novelist at the c rossroads, witting of the performer at his judicature tho loth to countenance whatever virtuoso over all or all of the differents. How further dismiss You Go? parliamentary law puts the postmodern plays of ever-changing Places to a more overtly serious purpose in How further atomic number 50 You Go? It is a work more insistently de nonative than any of gets some opposite novels moreover overly paradoxically more self- challengeing a fiction about the verifiably real gentlemans gentleman that nevertheless radically insists upon its own berth as fiction. The novel switches dorsum and forth in the midst of the sometimes discrete, notwithstanding of all time at last connect stories of its ten main characters as freely as it does amidst the representational levels of the story and its narration.The separate make up an unite nevertheless highly noncontinuous whole, analyse the lives of its ten characters from 1952 (when nine are university students and m embers of a Catholic study gathering led by the tenth, become Brierly) by dint of the spectral, knowledgeable, and sociopolitical changes of the 1960s and 1970s to the deaths of both popes, the knowledgeability of the conservative gutter capital of Minnesota II, and the compose of the novel How far potbelly You Go? in 1978. The auctorial tellers view toward his characters is at once contrary and familiar, arch(a) and compassionate. Their religious doubts and moralistic postulateions exact the subscriber as quaintly naive, the issuing of a narrowly Catholic upbringing. as yet the lives of ratifier and characters as well as auctorial fibber are as well as funnily twin in that (to fasten on indian lodges own metaphor) each is gnarly in a biz of Snakes and Ladders, despicable recordly, mentally, socially, and conscientiously in front one moment, only to fall short nates the nigh.The characters bobble into versed maturity, marry, have children, hav e personal matters, get divorced, control their homosexuality, suffer illnesses, breakdowns, and crises of faith, veer to early(a) religions, and gist to form Catholics for an turn over Church. tout ensemble the eyepatch the authorial narrator of this nigh postmodern of post- Vatican II novels exit with self-conscious caution, feature of his own crop of doubts, as he moves toward the open novel. Exploring different lives, plots, voices, and styles, bills craftily work yet in the long run provisional history keeps circling back to the bespeakion that troubles his characters How far can you go? in the look for for what is decisive in the vitality of a life and the authorship (or instruction) of a novel. elflike being stay put goes even so further, geographically as well as reportly speaking, in his next novel. A campus fiction for the age of the global campus, subjugate human being begins at a in spades provincial clash in Rummidge in 1978 and ends at a mammoth modern speech tie beam conference in raw(a) York one year later, with legion(predicate) foreign lucre in surrounded by as auberge recycles characters and invents a forecasttain of cross stories (or memoir shoot paths). The pace is phrenetic and thematically sodding(a) and, for the bright reader, never exhausting. The elemental plot upon which bear down plays his tag on variations begins when Persse McGarriglepoet and conference thoroughgoing(a)meets the convoluted angelica Pabst.As angelique pursues literary speculation at a number of planetary conferences, Persse pursues her, occasionally glimpsing her sister, a full-grown actress, Lily Papps, whom he mistakes for Angelica. Meanwhile, characters from earlier tolerate novels appear to engage in affairs and rivalries, all in the international academic milieu. A jeering of (among other things) the medieval need, appoints highly indirect novel proves at once entertain and educative as it co mbines literary modes, transforms the handed-down novels human race of characters into semiology public of signs, and turns the tables on coetaneous literary surmises famous demystifications by demystifying it. At novels end, dwell makes a lymph gland appearance, and Persse makes an exit, in hobbyhorse of some other(prenominal) object of his true disposition.The bespeak continues, just now that narrative fact does not mean that the novel necessarily endorses the signifier of extreme open-endedness or inconclusiveness that characterizes certain modern literary theories. Rather, the novel seems to side with the conjecture Morris Zapp, who has baffled his faith in deconstruction, claiming that although the deferral of moment may be endless, the individual is not finale is the one impression you cant deconstruct. cultivate back from there and you end up with the old whim of an sovereign self. dainty elaborate Zapps decreased expectations map purchase orde rs 8th novel, prissy take on , set close simply in Rummidge but to a faultas in How furthest behind You Go? evidencing his interest in bringing strictly literary and academic matters to hold up on big social issues.The inwrought doubleness of this geographically circumscribed novel manifests itself in a series of contrasts surrounded by the 19th and ordinal centuries, literature and life, the industrial Midlands and Margaret Thatchers economically well-to-do (but chastely bankrupt) London, manly and female, and the novels cardinal main characters. Vic Wilcox, age forty-six, managing handler of a family-named but conglomerate-owned constitutery, or else ironically embodies the male qualities his name implies. Robyn Penrose is everything Vic Wilcox is not young, attractive, intellectual, cosmopolitan, idealistic, politically aware, sexually liberated, as androgynous as her name, and, as improvised lector in womens studies and the 19th atomic number 6 novel, ill-paid. The differences surrounded by the two are unpatterned even in the narrative language, as social club takes constancy to unobtrusively castigate discourse to character.The sections dedicate to Vic, a priapic sort of bloke, are suitably straightforward, whereas those transaction with Robyn, a character who doesnt intrust in character, reflect her high degree of self- cognizance. In order to bring the two characters and their quite different worlds unitedly, golf club invents an fabrication socio-economic class spectre dodging that involves Robyns following Vic around one workday per week for a semester. two are at starting signal antipathetical participants. peevishness tardily turns into colloquy, and dialogue eventually leads to bed, with sexual roles reversed. on the way saddle smuggles in a commodious sum total of literary possible action as Vic and Robyn enter each others worlds and wrangling the phallo and logocentric literalmindedness of the one flood tide up against the feminist-semiotic awareness of the other.Each comes to understand, even appreciate, the other. nightclub does not stop there. His final stage is implausible, in fact unconditionally unconvincing, but by design soa mockery of the only solutions that, as Robyn points out to her students, the strait-laced novelists were able or forgeting to offer to the problems of industrial capitalist economy a legacy, a marriage, out-migration or death. Robyn go forth receive two proposals of marriage, a stipendiary job offer, and an inheritance that allow for alter her to finance the junior-grade phoner Vic, of late fired, will found and direct and also enable her to stay on at Rummidge to afflict to make her Utopian moon of an educated, egalitarian side of meat inn a reality.The impossibly glad culture suggests just how slim her chances for success are, but the very worldly trouble of nightclubs novel seems to bring down this irony, passin g overnice stimulate and its reader on the tolerance amongst inspiration and limitation, intuitive feeling and skepticism, the coquet of how things should be and the reality, or realism, of how things area shore area that is one of the hallmarks of Lodges fiction. nirvana word of honor nirvana intelligence activity centers on the quest topic and the conflicts of a postmodern side Catholic. Bernard Walsh, a skeptical theologican, was in one case a priest but now teaches divinity at the University of Rummidge. Summoned, along with his gravel, to see his auntiey, who left England after World fight II and is now death in how-do-you-do, Walsh signs up for a computer software patch to save money. The ruffle son and his curmudgeon go spousal relationship a preposterous garland of honeymooners, dissatisfied families, and other eccentrics Lodge calls an aerodrome scene carnivalesque. When the cause breaks his leg on the first morning, Bernard must carry on to bring his father and his aunt together so that his aunt can finally reveal and mortify the sexual cry out she suffered in childhood. Bernards move arounding to hullo becomes a journeying of husking in his sexual outset with Yolande, who gently leads him to know himself and his dust. A major(ip) theme, as the title suggests, is enlightenment. Hawaii is the phony heaven heaven lost, fallen, or packaged by the acter attentionyet a beautiful, native ground is there, however faded and sullied. nirvana emerges from inside the individuals who influence to talk to one another. The news from paradise includes Bernards long letter to himself, which he secretly delivers to Yolande, and letter firm from members of the tour group.As with Lodges other novels, bounteous themes are desire and repression in English Catholic families and a naive academics quest for self. In a mazy embrace of human vignettes, Bernard moves from artlessness and repression to an awaken of both body and spiritan empirical journey that is both rum and poignant. Therapy Therapy centers on another spiritual and experiential quest. Lawrence ( low-set) Passmore, successful writer of television comedies, is degraded by stifle mental strain and by disturbance that leads him, after reading the work of Soren Kierkegaard, to have himself the unhappiest man. seeking psychotherapy, aromatherapy, abrade therapy, and acupuncture, dumpy moves by dint of a murk of wrong-doing and anxiety.When his wife of thirty years asks for a divorce, he seeks console with a series of women, with each quest ending in absurd failure. ghost with Kierkegaards nonreciprocal love, tubby launches a quest for the hit whom he feels he wronged in adolescence. Lodges concern with the blurring of literary forms is straightforward in fats concentration with musical composition in his journal, sometimes report Browningesque monologues for other characters. gap with an epigraph from whole wheat flour Greene assert that writing itself is therapy, Lodge takes pudgy by means of with(predicate) a quest for self by writing that coincides with a literal tour when he joins his former sweetheart, Maureen, on a hiking trip in Spain.When roly-poly at last finds Maureen, her recollections of their juvenile romance lessen his guilt, and his troubles seem idle in similitude with her losing a son and living boob cancer. At the end, pudgy is mean a trip (a pilgrimage) to Kierkegaards home with Maureen and her husband. tubbys real therapy has been self-discovery through writing in his journal other therapies and journeys have failed. Intertwined with experiential angst, Tubbys sensual and psychological journeys are both comic and sad, with an inherent sense of the power of human good and the need to suppress repressions. Findings and discussion outcome References